Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth abnormalities of the mouth and lip and happen in about one in 700 births. These abnormalities occur early in pregnancy when the sides of the lip and the roof of the mouth do not fuse together as they should. A child can have cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. Most babies born with a cleft are otherwise healthy with no other birth abnormalities. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that includes a combination of birth defects, including some degree of mental retardation, characteristic facial features and, often, heart defects, visual and hearing impairment, and other health problems. The severity of all of these problems varies greatly. Down syndrome affects approximately one in 800 to 1,000 babies.

Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage or damage to developing fetal organs. Alcohol and illegal drugs can increase the risk of fetal abnormalities and miscarriage.

If a woman is not immune to rubella, infection during pregnancy can result in a group of birth defects called the congenital rubella syndrome. Defects include decreased growth, mental retardation, small head, congenital cataracts or cloudiness of the cornea, deafness, and heart defects.

Taking folic-acid supplements may reduces the risk of a group of conditions called neural tube defects by 50 percent. These defects include spina bifida, meningocele and myelomeningocele.

This parasitic infection can be transmitted to humans via cat feces, seriously harming an unborn baby. Infection during pregnancy causes congenital toxoplasmosis and can result in premature delivery, low birth weight, mental and motor retardation, small head, small eyes and blindness, seizures, hydrocephalus and damage to the liver and blood forming organs.

Many prescription and over-the-counter medications aren't safe for pregnant women to take. An expectant mother should check with her doctor before taking any medication or supplement.

Amniocentesis usually is done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic chromosomal abnormalities tested for. However, the number of conditions that can be diagnosed by amniocentesis increases yearly. Amniocentesis can be used to diagnose many chromosomal abnormalities, DNA-gene abnormalities, enzyme and amino acid abnormalities (inborn errors of metabolism). In late pregnancy, amniocentesis can even help determine how the maturity of the fetal lungs.

Women 35 and older have a greater risk of having a child with chromosomal abnormalities, in particular trisomy 21, also known as Down Syndrome.